LAST WEEK MUCH OF THE WORLD learned of the plight of a lone convert to Christianity, Abdul Rahman, on trial for his life in Afghanistan. Jailed on charges of apostasy, Rahman was released on a technicality and spirited off to asylum in Italy--only after Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pressed President Hamid Karzai for a favorable outcome. The Rahman case underscores the conflict between Islamic law, or sharia, and democratic norms. Yet it also hints at a growing argument among Muslims over religious freedom, a subject Americans know something about.

On the issue of religious liberty, Afghanistan's new constitution tries to have it both ways. Though it says that "followers of other religions are free to exercise their faith," it declares the country an Islamic state. While it endorses the Universal Declaration of Human Rights--which specifically protects a person's right to change his religion--it supports a judicial culture that criminalizes blasphemy and apostasy. The country's supreme court already has invoked blasphemy laws to jail newspaper editors and intimidate political rivals.

The typical liberal solution to this problem--to quarantine government from religious values, replacing militant religion with militant secularism--is foreclosed in tribal, traditionalist Afghanistan. Rather, the history of religious freedom in America suggests a way forward--a frankly theological approach that could appeal to faithful Muslims.

It's often forgotten that the political leader most responsible for ending church establishments in America argued from an unabashedly religious standpoint. In his "Memorial and Remonstrance" of 1785, James Madison opposed tax support for churches in Virginia as an assault

Madison's faith-based argument won the day, and it animated his work on the First Amendment. It was this same principle that, a century and a half later, inspired defenders of a religious liberty clause in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ratified by the U.N. General Assembly in 1948. Lebanese ambassador Charles Malik, who took the lead in drafting the religious freedom provision, Article 18, called freedom of thought and conscience "the most sacred and inviolable things" about human beings.

Malik's native Lebanon had become a refuge for people fleeing religious persecution. As an Arab Christian and professor at the American University of Beirut, he met regularly with colleagues from diverse backgrounds--including Muslims, Jews, Christians, and radical secularists--and in many instances witnessed their movement from one faith to another. Thus, it was Malik who insisted that Article 18 include the right to change one's belief. "There is one point on which we wish to insist more than anything else," he said, "namely that . . . you must also be free to become what your conscience requires you to become in the light of your best knowledge."