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 Tragedy or farce?Mar 8, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 24 • By IRWIN M. STELZER
Greece may account for only 2.5 percent of the economy of the 16 countries where the euro has replaced national currencies, but its financial woes are having a huge effect on the future not only of “euroland,” but also of the 27-nation European Union. And on the United States: The problems of Europe’s debt-ridden PIGS—Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain—have highlighted the finances of nations that are running huge budget deficits, including ours. As investors and rating agencies put it, the problems of the PIGS have put national balance sheets in play. We are on notice that our triple-A bond rating is under review.
Economists have always wondered whether a single currency, circulating in countries with 16 different budgetary and fiscal policies, could long survive. After all, the area’s central bank would have to find a one-size-fits-all interest rate that would control inflation in countries with overheating economies while at the same time stimulating growth in economies in recession or growing too slowly to maintain full employment. Answer: It can’t be done. At least, not very well.
But it turns out that is the least of euroland’s problems. The inventors of the euro have always known that monetary union without political union would be unsustainable. Germany would keep its fiscal house in order, a result of its historic experience with the consequences of inflation, while other countries such as Greece might go deep into debt, borrowing at attractive interest rates because investors assumed that should it run into repayment problems its euroland colleagues would somehow bail it out.
In anticipation of this problem the inventors of the euro required that all members sign on to a Growth and Stability Pact, pledging not to allow their fiscal deficit to exceed 3 percent of their GDP, or total debt to mount to more than 60 percent of GDP. European federalists always saw this as a temporary measure, eventually to be replaced with formal political union and the emergence of a United States of Europe, never mind that voters in many European countries want no part of such a surrender of nationhood.
Greece, eager to trade its drachma for the euro so that it could borrow at the lower interest rates that membership would make available, readily agreed to the 3 percent limit on its deficit, was inducted into the exclusive euro club—and then went on a borrowing spree concealed by a variety of accounting tricks and some outright economizing with the truth. With the help of Goldman Sachs and other banks, Greece engaged in exotic financial transactions and also sold future income streams such as revenues anticipated from landing fees at its airports for current cash, and then concealed the liabilities with a variety of off-the-balance-sheet devices that Goldman now admits were insufficiently transparent. (At one point the Greek government considered selling off future revenues from the sale of admission tickets to the Acropolis, but it finally decided that headlines like “Greece Sells the Acropolis” might attract unwanted attention to its financial shenanigans.)
Investigators from the European Central Bank, aided by experts from the International Monetary Fund, are still trying to determine the size of Greece’s deficit, a process not made easier by a strike of Greek Finance Ministry staff in protest against efforts to cut their benefits or raise their retirement age. The best guess is that last year’s deficit came to almost 13 percent of GDP, total debt is well in excess of 100 percent of GDP, and unless spending is cut and taxes raised, the flood of red ink this year will be no lower. Problem: Greece has to borrow about $75 billion to repay debts due this year, and unless the deficit is brought under control investors are either going to just say no or demand punishingly high interest rates to make their capital available. Unless, of course, Greece’s euroland or EU colleagues guarantee repayment, setting the stage for similar requests from Portugal, Spain, and perhaps Italy and Ireland. Call it moral hazard.
Read more... from the capitalists.Jan 18, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 17 • By IRWIN M. STELZERWe have met the enemy and he is us. So Pogo might have described the situation that the business community has created for itself. There is no question that the Obama administration, and even more the Democratic leadership in Congress, harbor something between skepticism and hostility towards free markets.
Read more... The European Union wants to have a bigger economy than America and their welfare state, too.11:00 PM, Jan 26, 2004 • By IRWIN M. STELZERTHIS IS THE SEASON of high-level international meetings and, therefore, the season of many discontents. Europe's concerns about the fall of the dollar and America's fiscal profligacy were aired at the World Economic Forum in Davos last week, as were America's concerns about the inability of Europe's governments to stimulate domestic demand. The Europeans are watching their export industries suffer as the euro soars, and the value of the dollars their companies' U.S. subsidiaries earn drop like a stone, as the Euro appreciates to some 50 percent above its previous low.
Read more... Employment is a campaign issue, but what do the surveys really tell us about the jobs market?11:00 PM, Jan 21, 2004 • By IRWIN M. STELZERIF YOU WANT TO KNOW why ordinary folks find it difficult to understand what economists are saying about the American economy, consider the question of jobs. We know a few things. We know that jobs are such an emotive political issue that one candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination promises that if elected his three top priorities will be, "jobs, jobs, jobs."
Read more... Deficits, pricey oil, and a weak dollar--will the Fed keep interest rates low?11:00 PM, Jan 12, 2004 • By IRWIN M. STELZERTHE DOLLAR IS DOWN. Oil is up. America is running huge trade and budget deficits. The Japanese are intervening massively in the currency markets to prevent the yen from rising, and the Chinese show no signs of abandoning the renminbi's peg to the dollar. So the euro is bearing the brunt of the dollar's decline, making euroland goods less competitive and snuffing out any signs of a European recovery.
Read more... Economic models come up with two very different futures.11:00 PM, Jan 5, 2004 • By IRWIN M. STELZERAS ECONOMIC FORECASTERS cranked up their models at the end of last year, many pored over the printouts and decided that Robert Browning had it right when he wrote, "Never glad confident morning again." The economy seemed in such bad shape that the Democrats looked forward to teaching another Bush that "it's the economy, stupid." The unemployment rate was 6 percent and rising; the president's tax cuts threatened fiscal meltdown; the trade deficit was heading for a succession of records; the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board was warning of "corrosive deflation"; and the president had just
Read more... OPEC has kept the price of oil above $28 for some time; there are a host of reasons it won't be coming down anytime soon.11:00 PM, Dec 15, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERTHE PRICE OF OIL has jumped about 7 percent in the past two weeks. Under ordinary circumstances, and for most commodities, volatility comes as no surprise and is of little consequence. But oil is different. For one thing, its price is affected by a powerful cartel, OPEC, that tries to lock in price increases. For another, it is so crucial to the functioning of industrial economies that past price jumps have thrown America and, in some cases, the world, into protracted periods of sub-par growth.
Read more... Why the dollar continues to do well in currency markets and where it's headed next.11:00 PM, Dec 8, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERWE WERE TAUGHT in graduate economics classes that if a country runs large and persistent trade deficits, the value of its currency will decline relative to the value of the currencies of its trading partners. Oh yes, other things being equal, of course. Then we entered the real world and found that other things are never equal.
Read more... Americans are overweight and the extra pounds are going to cost Big Business.11:00 PM, Dec 1, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERBY NOW, we will have consumed the leftovers from our Thanksgiving feasts, which saw us dispose of 45 million turkeys, perhaps 200 million sweet potatoes, and at least 50 million pies of various sorts. Add in stuffing made from white bread, cranberry sauce loaded with sugar, and carrots roasted in brown sugar and butter, and you have a dieter's nightmare--one estimate puts the carb content of a typical Thanksgiving meal at what Atkins would call "a whopping" 200 grams.
Read more... While the economy revs up, the administration turns to protectionism and over-budget spending.11:00 PM, Nov 24, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERONLY ONE THING can stall the U.S. economic recovery that is now underway: a major policy error by America's politicians. And, unfortunately, they have two such blunders in mind, namely protectionism and fiscal profligacy.
The economy itself continues to grow, although not at the breakneck 7.2 percent pace that has been reported for the third quarter (that figure will be revised upward this week to something like 8 percent). The housing market is a principal driver. In October housing starts rose 2.9 percent from the previous month's level.
Read more... From the December 1, 2003 issue: A grotesquely irresponsible energy bill nears completion.Dec 1, 2003, Vol. 9, No. 12 • By IRWIN M. STELZERIF PORK WERE A FUEL that could produce electricity and power SUVs, America would now be independent of imported oil. Unfortunately, the pork contained in the first new energy bill in over a decade has more to do with a desire to please Iowa corn farmers and assorted auto and energy companies than with the urgent need to reduce our reliance on oil from the world's most unstable region.
Read more... Retailers are expecting a big Christmas season. Will they be zooming into the black?11:00 PM, Nov 17, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERIF YOU THOUGHT the report that the U.S. economy grew at an annual rate of 7.2 percent was good news, wait until you see the revised estimate. I am told that the final figure will be at least 7.8 percent, and might well reach 8.0 percent.
So much for the look in the rear view mirror. The more important question is whether the road ahead will provide a smooth ride to a sustained period of economic growth or prove as bumpy as the one over which we have recently traveled.
Read more... The economy seems to be right where the president wants it for 2004.11:00 PM, Nov 10, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERHERE IN WASHINGTON, the November 2004 election is not a year away--it's now. So the Bush team is trying to figure out how fast the economy has to grow to create political capital at a rate that outpaces the mounting death toll in Iraq.
Read more... The Bush administration brings out the heavy artillery in the hopes of closing the trade gap with China.11:00 PM, Nov 3, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERTHE DEATH LAST WEEK of Madame Chang kai-Shek, wife of the Generalissimo who lost his battle to prevent the communist takeover of China, brings to mind the Republican accusation that communists in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations were responsible for that loss. "Who lost China?" was the accusatory question by critics who believed they had the answer.
Half-century later it is the Democrats who are in full cry.
Read more... The economic forecast is mostly sunny, with some clouds, and a chance of storms.11:00 PM, Oct 27, 2003 • By IRWIN M. STELZERGOOD NEWS about the U.S. economy is easy to come by. "The good times are back," chortles the Wall Street Journal. Most analysts are guessing that the economy is now growing at an annual rate of somewhere between 6 percent and 7 percent. It seems that the happy recipients of this summer's tax refunds surprised most analysts by dropping fully three-quarters of their refunds into shop tills.
Everyone seems happy.
* Investors have been watching share prices pursue an upward course that has taken the Standard & Poor's index of 500 companies to about 25 percent above its March lows.
Read more...
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